TABLE OF CONTENTS.
A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS xiii
Scope of present report xiii
Increase of correspondence xiii
Table of letters written from 1871 to 1881 xiii
Noteworthy features of the year xiv
(1) Increase in production and distribution of carp xiv
(2) Construction of an additional carp pond xiv
(3) Introduction of transportation cars xiv
(4) Change in policy of distribution of shad xiv
(5) Increase in distribution of shad xiv
(6) Decrease in supply of California salmon xiv
(7) Experiments in hatching cod and Spanish mackerel. xiv
(8) Exportation of fish to foreign countries xiv
(9) Investigations looking to the retardation of the development of shad eggs xiv
(10) Work on the artificial propagation of the oyster xiv
(11) Determination of extent of distribution and value of the tile-fish xiv
(12) Distribution of specimens to educational establishments xiv
(13) Plans for constructing a sea-going steamer xiv
(14) Acquisition of land at Wood's Holl as a permanent station for hatching cod and
other sea-fishes xiv
(15) Commencement of the bulletin of the Fish Commission xiv
(16) Lease of a building for the offices of the Fish Commission xv
(17) Importation of turbot and sole xv
2. PRINCIPAL STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMSSION xv
For investigation and research xv
(1) Gloucester, Mass xv
(2) Woods Holl, Mass xv
(2) Saint Jerome. Md xv
For propagation of salmonidae xvi
(4) Grand Lake Stream, Me. (Land-locked salmon) xvi
(5) Bucksport, Me. (Atlantic salmon) xvi
(6) Northville. Mich. (Whitefish and trout) xvi
(7) Baird, Shasta. County, Cal. (California salmon) xvi
(8) Baird, Shasta County, Cal. (California trout) xvi
For propagation of shad xvi
(9) Havre de Grace, Md xvi
(10) North East River, Md xvi
(11) Washington, Central Station xvi
(12) Washington, Navy-yard xvii
(13) Potomac River barges. xvii
(14) Avoca, N.C. xvii
For propagation of carp xvii
(15) Washington, Monument lot xvii
(16) Washington, Arsenal Grounds xvii
ASSISTANCE RENDERED TO THE COMMISSION xvii
By the Executive Departments xvii
(1) Treasury Department xvii
(2) War Department xviii
3.. ASSISTANCE RENDERED TO COMMISSION — Continued.
(3) Navy Department xix
(4) Post-office Department xix
(5) Interior Department xix
(6) Department of Justice xix
By the Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds xix
By the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, xix
By railroads throughout the United States xix
By foreign steamship lines xx
By telegraph companies xx
By foreign countries xx
(1) Germany (saibling) xx
(2) France (gourami) xx
(3) England (turbot and sole) xx
4. COURTESIES EXTENDED BY THE COMMISSION TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES xx
Shipment of fish and eggs xxi
(1) Germany xxi
(2) France xxi
(3) England xxi,
(4) Scotland xxi
(5) Belgium xxi
(6) Ecuador xxii
(7) Costa Rica xxii
(8) Mexico xxii
(9) Canada xxii
5. FISHERY EXHIBITIONS xxii
Berlin xxii
Norfolk
Edinburgh xxii
6.FISH COMMISSION BULLETIN xxii
Joint resolution authorizing xxiii
Contents of volume for 1881 xxiii
7. THE PROPOSED STEAMER ALBATROSS xxiii
Its functions compared with those of the Fish Hawk xxiii
Action of Congress xxiv
Preparation of plans xxiv
Appropriation insufficient xxiv
B. INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF FOOD-FISHES.
8. PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE OFFSHORE FISHING GROUNDS OF THE UNITED STATES xxv
General results to be looked for
xxv
(1) Locating the known fishing-grounds of the United States xxv
(2) Discovery of new grounds xxv
(3) Increase in number of fishing vessels xxv
(4) Example of Norwegian Government xxvi
(5) Example of likelihood of discovering new and valuable food-fish (the tilefish) xxvi
(6) New grounds in Southern waters xxvii
(7) New ground for halibut xxvii
(8) Release from dependence on Canada for fish and bait xxviii
(9) The supply of the necessary demand for bait xxviii
(10) Extension of the use of the cod gillnet xxix
(11) Importance of building a suitable steamer xxix
(12) Possible solution of problem of the migration of mackerel and menhaden xxx
(13) Collecting of specimens of natural history for schools and colleges xxxi
9. THE FISHERY CENSUS OF 1880 xxxi
Progress of the work in 1881 xxxi
Bulletins issued in 1881 relative to the fisheries xxxi
(1) Fisheries of the Pacific coast States. xxxi
(2) Fisheries of the Great Lakes xxxiii
(3) Fisheries of Maine xxxiii
(4) Fisheries of Virginia. xxxiii
(5) The oyster industry xxxiii
10. OCEAN TEMPERATURES xxxiii
Lighthouse observing stations xxxiii
11. BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH xxxiv
Embryology of food-fishes xxxiv
12. THE INTRODUCTION OF COD GILL-NETS xxxv
Use made of cod gill-nets by the Norwegians. xxxv
Experiments at Gloucester with nets brought from Norway xxxv
Report of Captain Collins on his observations at the Berlin Exhibition xxxvi
Trouble and expense of getting bait xxxvi
Experiments by Capt. Geo. H. Martin xxxvi
Early success of the Northern Eagle with nets xxxvii
Report of Niels Juel on Loffoden fisheries cited xxxvii
13. THE VALUE OF FISH AS FOOD xxxviii
14. WORK DONE AT WOOD'S HOLL, MASS. IN 1881
Advantages as a permanent sea coast station of the United States Fish Commission. xxxviii
Peculiarities of coast fauna already determined by local and temporary stations xxxviii
Need of station for off-shore work and as a depot xxxviii
Reason for selecting Wood's Holl xxxviii
Negotiations for acquisition of land for permanent station xxxix
Work done during the season of 1881 at Wood's Holl xxxix
Courtesies of Light-House Board xxxix
Collaborators and assistants xl
Results of the season's work Xl
Investigations into the distribution of tile-fish l
15. EXPLORATIONS OF THE FISH HAWK IN 1881 xl
Vessels previously used Xli
Work of the season of 18M xli.
Work in Albemarle Sound in 1881 xli
Work at Havre do Grace, Md., in 1881 xli
Work in Chesapeake Bay in 1881 xli
Work at Wood's Holl in 1881 Xli
Work at Yorktown, Va., in 1881 xlii
C. THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES.
16. METHOD OF DISTRIBUTING FISH AND EGGS xlii
Distribution by messengers in small lots xlii
Facilities furnished by the railroads xlii
Proportional advantage of distributing large quantities xlii
Use of ordinary baggage car xliii
Preparation of a special Fish Commission car xliii
Trial with shad and carp xliv
17. SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1881 xliv
a. The Whitefish (Coregonus albus).
The Northville station xlv
b. The Brook Trout (Salvalinus fontinalis).
The Northville station xlv
c. The Saibling (Salvelinus)
The Plymouth station xlv
d. The Lake Trout (Cristivomer namayoush).
The Northville station xlv
e. The Quinnat or California Salmon (Salmo quinnat).
The McCloud River station. 11V
f. The Rainbow or California Mountain Trout (salmo irideus).
The McCloud River station xlvi
g. The Atlantic or Penobscot Salomon (Salmo salar).
The Penobscot River station xlvi
h. The Schoodic or Land-locked Salmon (Salmo salar var. Sebago).
The Grand Lake Stream station xlvii
i The Shad (Alan sapidissima).
The Avoca station xlix
The Potomac River barges xlix
The Washington navy-yard station xlix
The Battery Island station l
The North East River station l
J. The Carp (Cyprinus carpio).
The Monument station l.
11. BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH xxxiv
Embryology of food-fishes xxxiv
12. THE INTRODUCTION OF COD GILL-NETS xxxv
Use made of cod gill-nets by the Norwegians. xxxv
Experiments at Gloucester with nets brought from Norway Xxxv
Report of Captain Collins on his observations at the Berlin Exhibition xxxv
Trouble and expense of getting bait xxxvi
Experiments by Capt. Geo. H. Martin xxxvi
Early success of the Northern Eagle with note xxxvii
Report of Niels Juel on Loffoden fisheries cited xxxviii
13. THE VALUE OF FISH AS FOOD xxxviii
14. WORK DONE AT WOOD'S HOLL, MA, 12-4 1881 xxxviii
Advantages as a permanent seas coast station of the United States Fish Commission— xxxviii
Peculiarities of coast fauna already determined by local and temporary stations xxxviii
Need of station for off-shore work and as a depot xxxviii
Reason for selecting Wood's Holl xxxviii
Negotiations for acquisition of land for permanent station xxxix
Work done during the season of 1881 at Wood's Holl xxxix
Courtesies of Light-House Board xxxix
Collaborators and assistants xl
Results of the season's work xl
Investigations into the distribution of tile-fish xl
15. EXPLORATIONS OF THE FISH HAWK IN 1881 xl
Vessels previously used xli
Work of the season of 18M xli
Work in Albemarle Sound in 1881 xli
Work at Havre do Grace, Md., in 1881 xli
Work in Chesapeake Bay in 1881 xli
Work at Wood's Holl in 1881 Xi
Work at Yorktown, Va., in 1881 xli
C. THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD FISHES.
METHOD OF DISTRIBUTING FISH AND EGGS xlii
Distribution by messengers in small lots xlii
Facilities furnished by the railroads xlii
Proportional advantage of distributing large quantities xliii
Use of ordinary baggage car xliii
Preparation of a special Fish Commission car xliii
Trial with shad and carp xliv
SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1881 xliv
a. The Whitefish (Coregonus albus).
The Northville station xiv
b. The Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).
The Northville station xlv
c. The Saibling (Salvelinus)
The Plymouth station xlv
d. The Lake Trout (Cristivomer namayoush).
The Northville station xlv
e. The Quinnat or California salmon (Salmo quinnat).
The McCloud River station. xiv
f. The Rainbow or California Mountain Trout (Salmo irideus).
The McCloud River station xlvi
g. The Atlantic or Penobscot Salmon (Salmo salar).
The Penobscot River station xlvi
h. The Schoodic or Land-locked Salmon (Salmo salar var. Sebago).
The Grand Lake Stream station xlvii
i. The Shad (Alosa sapidissima).
The Avoca station xlix
The Potomac River barges xlix
The Washington navy-yard station xlix
The Battery Island station l
The North East River station
J. The Carp (Cyprinus carpio).
The Monument station l
17. SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1881. Continued.
The Arsenal station li
k. The Gourami (Osphromenus olfax).
l. The Cod (Gadus morrhua).
The Wood's Holl station liii
m. The Spanish Mackerel (Cybium maculatum).
The Chesapeake Bay station. liii
n. The Turbot (Rhombus maximus) and the Sole (Solea vulgaris) liii
o. The Oyster (Ostrea virginica) lvi
p. The Oregon Clam (Glycimeris generosa) lvi
D.ABSTRACT OF THE ARTICLES IN THE APPENDIX.
18. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICLES ivii
A. General ivii
B. The fisheries lvii
C. Natural history and biological research lvii
D. Propagation of food-fishes lvii
E. SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT PROPER.
19. LECTURE ON THE WORK OF THE FISH COMMISSION, BY PROF. L. A. LEE lviii
20. TABLES lxiii
Distribution of fish and eggs in 1881 lxiii
I. Eggs of Whitefish lxiii
II. Young of Whitefish lxiii
III. Eggs of Lake Trout. lxiv
IV. Eggs of Eastern Brook Trout lxiv
V. Young of Eastern Brook Trout. lxiv
VI. Eggs of California Salmon lxiv
VII. Eggs of California Trout lxiv
VIII. Eggs of Penobscot Salmon lxv
IX. Eggs of Schoodic Salmon lxv
X. Young of Shad lxvi
XI. Young of Carp lxvi
21. LIST OF RAILROADS GRANTING FACILITIES TO THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION IN 1881. lxvii
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