U.S. Fish Commission: Report of the Commissioner for 1882

UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR 1882

TABLE OF CONTENTS. (FULL REPORT )

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

I. Introductory Remarks xvii
Scope and sequence of the present report xvii
Recent expansion of operations xvii
Educational services of the Commission xvii
Demand for specimens collected xviii

Noteworthy features of the Year xviii
(1) Appropriation to complete the Albatross xviii
(2) Changes In command of Albatross and Fish Hawk xviii
(3) Purchase of a Horreshoff launch xviii
(4) Acquisition of land at Wood's Holl, and relinquishment of jurisdiction over the same by the State of Massachusetts to the United States xviii
(5) Appropriation for a pier at Wood's Holl xviii
(6) Fitting up of Armory Station & Introduction of railroad tracks within the in-closure xviii
(7) Appropriation for London Fishery Exhibition, and giving charge of American representation in the United States Fish Commission xviii
(8) Proposition for a fishway at the Great Falls of the Potomac xviii
(9) Acquisition of a station for rearing California trout at Wytheville, Va xviii
(10) Transfer of Saint Jerome station to the United States Fish Commission xviii
(11) Commencement of the work of oyster propagation at Saint Jerome xviii
(12) Practical completion of the fishery census work of 1880 xviii
(13) Order of Congress for printing a report on the American fish and fisheries xix
(14) Great expansion of the carp distribution xix
(15) The practical extermination of the tile fish in the North Atlantic. xix

Work yet to be accomplished by the Commission xix

(1) Completing the knowledge of the habits of the useful fishes and other aquatic, animals and their proper identification, the collecting of specimens on a large scale, and their distribution to colleges and academies xix

(2) The Improvement of the methods of capture xix
Great aid rendered in the past by the Introduction of the cod gill net xix
Treatment of nets to prevent their rotting xx
(3) Improvement in fishing vessels xx
(4) Survey of old fishing grounds and the discovery of new ones xx .
Field for discovery along the coasts of the South Atlantic and the Gulf States xx
(5) Improved methods of preparing and curing fish xx
Progress since the Centennial xxi
(6) Stocking and restocking the waters with fish only begun xxi
General conditions involved xxi
Healthy public sentiment and suitable legislation brought about for protection of the fisheries xxi
Fishes of special promise and importance xxii
The oyster requiring special attention xxii

Correspondence of 1882. xxiii
Convenience of the new offices xxiii
Casualties among assistants and correspondents xxiii
Death of Mr. H. Rockwell xxiii
Death of Mr. B. B. Redding xxiii

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PRINCIPAL STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION xxiv

A. For investigation and research xxiv
(1) Gloucester, Mass xxiv
(2) Wood's Holl, Mass xxiv
(3) Saint Jerome's, Md xxiv

B. For propagation of Salmonidae xxiv
(4) Grand Lake Stream, Me. (Schoodic Salmon) xxiv
(5) Bucksport, Me., (Penobscot Salmon and Whitefish) xxiv
(6) Northville, Mich. (Whitefish and several species of Trout) xxiv
(7) Alpena, Mich. (Whitefish) xxv
(8) Baird, Shasta County, Cal. (California Salmon) xxv
(9) Trout ponds near Baird, Cal. (California Trout) xxv
Roslyn, N. Y. (Schoodic and Penobscot Salmon) lxx
Wytheville, Va. (Salmonidae generally) lxxii

C. For propagation of Shad xxv
(10) Havre de Grace, did xxv
(11) Washington, D. C., Central station xxv
(12) Washington, D. C., nary-yard xxv
(13) Quantico, Va. (steamer Fish Hawk) lxxiii
North East River, Md. (steamer Fish Hawk) lxxvi

D. For propagation of Carp xxv
(14) Monument reservation, Washington, D. C xxv
(15) Arsenal grounds, Washington, D. C xxv

3. VESSELS OF THE COMMISSION

A. The Albatross xxvi
Action in regard to this vessel in 1881 xxvi
Additional appropriation xxvi
New bids xxvi

The Pusey & Jones Company the successful competitor. xxvi
Detail of officers. xxvi
Delay in completion xxvi
Launched August 19 1882 xxvi
Trial trip made xxvii
Officer list of the vessel. xxvii
Measurement of the vessel xxvii

B. The Fish Hawk xxvii
Movements during 1882 xxvii
Gulf Stream explorations xxviii
Special exploration in Chesapeake Bay xxviii
Change of officers xxix
Personnel at the end of the year xxix

C. The Lookout xxix
Its command xxix

D. Herreshoff launch (No. 82) the Cygnet xxix
Navy launches (Nos. 49 and 55) loaned xxix

E. The Canvas Back xxix

4. FISH TRANSPORTING AND HATCHING CARS XXX
Car No. 1 xxx

Car No. 2 xxx
Plan of construction xxx
Dimensions xxx
Completion and use xxx

5. COURTESIES EXTENDED TO THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION xxx
By the Executive Departments xxx
The Treasury Department, xxx
The War Department xxxi
The Navy Department xxxi
The Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds xxxii
By railroads throughout the United States xxxii
Special arrangement and prices for Fish Commission cars xxxii
Free trips granted to can by certain roads xxxiii
The interest of railroads in helping the work of the United States Fish Commission xxxiii
Aid of roads to State Fish Commissions xxxiii
By foreign steamship lines xxxiii
The Cunard Company xxxiii
The North German Lloyds xxxiii

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5. COURTESIES EXTENDED TO THE UNITED STATER FISH COMMISSION Continued.
By other parties
The Northwestern Trading Company

6. COURTESIES EXTENDED BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES xxxiv
Shipment of fish and eggs to
(1) France xxxiv
(2) Germany xxxiv
(3) Great Britain xxxiv
(4) Chili xxxiv

7. FISHERY EXHIBITIONS xxxiv
Those participated in prior to 1882 xxxv
Philadelphia, 1876 xxxv
Berlin, 1880 xxxv

Invitations not accepted xxxv
Norwich xxxv
Edinburgh xxxv

London Exhibition of 1883 xxxv
Acceptance of invitation xxxv
Appropriation by Congress of $50,000 xxxv
Preparations made xxxv
General nature of proposed exhibition xxxv
Corps of assistants employed xxxv
Experiment in transportation of fish casts xxxvi
Co-operation of the Coast Survey xxxvi
Co-operation of the Patent Office xxxvi
Co-operation of the Life-Saving Service xxxvi

8. PUBLICATIONS OF THE FISH COMMISSION IN 1882 xxxvi

Annual Reports xxxvi
Fish Commission Bulletin xxxvi
Rules and Regulations xxxvii
Miscellaneous xxxvii
Fishery Census Reports xxxvii
Quarto report on the fisheries of the United States xxxvii
Editing of publications in charge of C. W. Smiley xxxvii

9. PAYMENT OF ROYALTIES ON PATENTS xxxviii

10. PROPOSED PERMANENT SEA COAST STATION FOR THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION xxxviii
Ground already covered xxxviii
Argument in favor of the south coast of New England xxxviii
Reasons for selecting Wood's Holl in preference to Newport xxix
Subscriptions of private persons for the purchase of the necessary land xxix
Legislation by Massachusetts granting jurisdiction to the United States. xl
Suggestion of the acquisition of the Penikese buildings, and the reasons against it xl
Survey of ground by S. W. Bowditch xl

11. ACTION OF CONGRESS IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROPOSED STATION
Engineering work required for proper adaptation of the point selected to the work of the Commission xli
Commercial arguments in favor of action by the Government. xli
Favorable action of Committee on Commerce in connection with the river and harbor bill of 1881 xli
Passage of item in the M of 1881 appropriating $52,000 xli
Suspension of expenditure in 1882 xli

B. INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY AND STATISTICS OP FOOD-FISHES.

12.THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATOIN OF THE MENHADEN FISHERIES xlii
Objects of the undertaking xlii
Work accomplished xliii

13. THE WORK OF THE FISHERY CENSUS OF 1880 AND ITS RESULTS xliii
Recapitulation of the arrangement between the United States Fish Commission and the
Superintendent of the Census xliii
General scheme of the investigation, under seven heads xliv
Names of special agents and regions to which they were assigned xlv
Office force xlvi
Work under the direction of Mr. Charles W. Smiley xlvi

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13. THE WORK OF THE FISHERY CENSUS OF 1880, AND ITS RESULTS — Continued

Preparation of reports xlvi
Special report on the fisheries to be published by the United States Fish Commission xlvii
Report to be published by the Superintendent of the Census xlviii
The two series completing a full history of the fisheries xlviii
List of Fishery Bulletins prepared under the direction of Mr. G. Brown Goode, and published by the Census Office xlix
List of special reports published l
General results of the Fishery-Census investigation li

14. INVESTIGATION OF ALLEGED DESTRUCTION OF THE TILE FISH lii

The schooner Josie Reeves chartered lii
Capt. J. W. Collins and Mr. B. Phillips a committee of investigation lii
General results of the trip lii
No tile fish found lii
A new food-fish found lii

15. THE POLE FLOUNDER lii

16. MODELS OF THE FISHING GROUNDS liii

17. FUNGUS DISEASES OF FISH liii

18. WORK DONE AT WOODS HOLL IN 1882 liii
Arrangements for accommodations during the year liv
Party accompanying the Commissioner liv
General work of the Fish Hawk liv
Report on the fishes, collected by the Fish Hawk liv

19 INVESTIGATION OF THE FISHES OF THE ADIRONDACKS BY DR. C. HART MERRIAM liv

C. THE PROPAGATION AND INCREASE OF FOOD-FISHES.

20. BY PROTECTIVE MEASURES ENFORCED BY LAW WHEN NECESSARY lv
Preventing wasteful and willful destruction of adults or young lv
Excluding poisonous or injurious waste from the water lv
Removal of artificial or natural obstructions or of injurious engines of capture lvi
Erection of fishways lvii

21. BY HUMAN OR ARTIFICIAL AGENCIES lvill
Transportation of fish from one region to another lviii
Artificial propagation lviii

22. FISHWAY OVER THE GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC lix
Cause of decrease in the fish of the river lix
Legislation on the subject in connection with that of increased water supply lix

Correspondence of United States Fish Commission with Congressional committee and authorities of the District lix

Law authorizing construction of a fishway lxii Appropriation for the purpose lxii Surveys made lxii

23. DISTRIBUTION OF FISH EGGS AND YOUNG FISH
General methods of distribution
Building of a second car
Extra tracks needed for narrow-gauge tracks

24. SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1882. lxii
General list of species covered by, the operations of the Commission lxii

a. The Whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis).
The Northville and Alpena stations lxiv
Penning of fish in order to secure their eggs lxv
Special distribution to Eagle Lake, Mount Desert Island, Maine lxvii

b. The Atlantic or Penobscot Salmon (Salmo salar).
The Bucksport Me., station lxviii
The Roslyn, N.Y., station lxviii

c. The Schoodic or Land-locked Salmon (Salmo salar sub-sp. Sebago).
The Grand Lake Stream, Maine, station lxix
The Roslyn, N.Y., station lxx

d. The Lake Trout (Salvelinus namayoush).
The Northville, Mich., station lxx

e. The Quinnat or California Salmon (Onchorhynchus chouicha),
The McCloud River station lxx

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24. SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1892—Continued.

f. The California or Mountain Trout (Salmo irideus).
The McCloud River station lxxi
The Northville, Mich., station lxxi
The Wytheville, Va., station lxii

g. The Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
The Northville, Mich., station

h. The Shad (Clupea sapidissima)
The Quantico, Va., station lxxiii
The Washington navy-yard station lxxiii
The Central or Armory station, Washington, D. C lxxiv
The Battery Island station, Havre do Grace, Md lxxiv
The North East River station, Havre de Grace, Md lxxvi
Distribution of fish lxxvii

i. The Potomac Herring (Clupea vernalis).
The Quantico, Va., station lxxvii

j. The Carp (Cyprinus carpio).
The Washington, D. C., stations. lxxvii
The distribution of carp lxxix

k. The Cod (Gadus morrhua).
The Fulton Market, New York, station lxxx

l. The Striped Bass (Roccus lineatus) lxxxii

m. The Black Bass (Micropterus dolomisi) lxxxiii

n. The White Perch (Roccus americanus). lxxxiii
The Quantico, Va., station lxxxiii

o. The Oyster (Ostrea virginica) lxxxiv

D. ABSTRACT OF THE ARTICLES IN THE APPENDIX.

25. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICLES lxxxv

A. General lxxxv
B. The fisheries lxxxv
C. Natural history and biological research lxxxv
D. The oyster lxxxvi
E. Propagation of food-fishes lxxxvi
F. Miscellaneous lxxxvi

E. SUPPLEMENT TO THE REPORT PROPER.

26. LIST OF LIGHT-HOUSE KEEPERS FURNISHING OCEAN TEMPERATURES lxxxvi

27. LIST OF RAILROADS GRANTING BAGGAGE CAR FACILITIES TO THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION IN 1882 lxxxviii

28. LIST OF RAILROADS GRANTING RATE OF 20 CENTS PER MILE xci

END