UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR 1885

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS xix
Divisions of the subject xix
Inquiry xix
Propagation xix
Expansion of the work xix
Cooperation of State commissioners xix
The promotion of science xx

Noteworthy features of the year xx
(1) Occupancy of buildings at Wood's Holl xx
(2) Trip of the Albatross to the Gulf of Mexico xx
(3) Construction of plans for the Grampus xx
(4) Participation in the New Orleans Exhibition xx
(5) Census of the Great Lakes fisheries xx
(6) Statistics of the sea fisheries xx
(7) Investigation of oyster-beds of Long Island Sound xxi
(8) Importation of soles and eggs of Loch Leven trout xxi
(9) Hatching of cod, grayling, and shad xxi
(10) Building a shad hatchery at Fort Washington xxi
(11) Discovery of a system of oyster-culture xxi
(12) Transportation of clams from Puget Sound xxi
(13) Confinement of shad in a pond xxi
(14) Distribution of carp to public and private waters xxi
(15) Increased results in propagating trout, salmon, shad, &c. xxi
(16) Exportation of catfish and whitefish eggs to Europe and Australia xxi
(17) The introduction into notice of smoked kingfish xxi
(18) The Iceland halibut fishery xxi
(19) Meeting of the American Fisheries Society xxi
(20) Publication of the quarto report. xxi

Extent of the work of the Commission during the year xxi
Casualties during the year xxi

2. STATIONS OF THE U.S. FISH COMMISSION xxii

A. For investigation and research xxii
(1) Gloucester, Mass xxii
(2) Wood's Holl. Mass. xxii
(3) Saint Jerome, MD. xxii

B. For propagation of Salmonidae xxii
(4) Grand Lake Stream, Me: (Schoodic salmon) xxii
(5) Bucksport, me. (Penobscot Salmon) xxiii
(6) Northville, Mich. (whitefish and several species of trout) xxiii
(7) Alpena, Mich (whitefish) xxiii
(8) Baird, Shasta County, Cal. (California salmon) xxiii
(9) Trout Ponds near Baird, Cal. (California trout) xxiii
(10) Wytheville Va. (Salmonidae generally) xxiii (
11) Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (Schoodic and Penobscot salmon) xxiii

C. For propagation of Shad xxiv
(12) Havre de Grace, Md xxiv
(13) Central Station, Washington, D.C. xxiv

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2. PRINCIPAL STATIONS OF THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION Continued.

C. For propagation of Shad — Continued.
(14) Fort Washington,
(15) Gloucester City. N. J xxiv
(16) Lambertville, N. J xxiv

D. For propagation of Carp xxiv
(17) Monument reservation, Washington, D.C. xxiv
(18) Arsenal grounds, Washington, D. C xxv

3. NEW HATCHING STATION PROPOSED xxv
In Colorado xxv

4. VESSELS OF THE COMMISSION xxvi

A. The steamer Albatross, xxvi
Movements of this vessel in 1885 xxvi
Exhibited at the New Orleans Exposition xxvii

B. The steamer Fish Hawk xxviii
Movements during 1885 xxviii
Shad work in Now Jersey xxviv

C. The steamer Lookout xxix
Its command and work in 1885 xxix
Trip to the Gulf of Mexico xxix

D. The schooner Grampus xxix
Appropriation for building xxix
Improvements in model xxx
Bids for construction xxxi
Details xxxi

E. Other vessels xxxii
List of cutters, gigs, and launches xxxii

F. Assignments of naval officers. xxxiii
Services of Passed Assistant Engineer W. L. Bailie, U. S. N xxxiii

5. FISH TRANSPORTING AND HATCHING CARS xxxiii
List of cars and their uses xxxiii

6. COURTESIES EXTENDED TO THE U.S. FISH COMMISSION xxxiv

A. By the Government xxxiv
The Treasury Department xxxiv
Secretary's Office xxxiv
Light-House Board xxxiv
Coast Survey xxxiv
Life-Saving Service xxxv
The War Department xxxv
Signal Office, xxxv
The Navy Department xxxv
Bureau of Construction and Repair xxxv
Bureau of Steam Engineering xxxv
Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting xxxv
The Interior Department xv
Patent Office xxxv
Senate and House, folding-rooms,
Health Office of the District of Columbia xxxv

B. By the railroad companies of the United States xxxv
Special arrangement and prices for Fish Commission cars xxxv
Free trips granted to cars by certain roads xxxvi

C. By foreign steamship companies xxxvi

D. By foreign countries xxxvi
Germany xxxvi
England xxxvi
Scotland xxxviii

7. COURTESIES EXTENDED BY THE U.S. FISH COMMISSION TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES xxxviii
Distribution of publications xxxviii
Response to calls for fish-culturists xxxviii

Shipment of fish or fish eggs
To Australia xxxix
To Brazil xxxix.
To Canada. xxxix
To England xxxix
To France xl
To Germany xli

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7. COURTESIES EXTENDED BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Continued

Shipment of fish or fish-eggs. Continued.
To Mexico. xli
To the Netherlands. xlii
To Scotland xlii
To Switzerland xlii
To the steamer Monohauset xliii

PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS

A. London 1883 xliii
Prizes awarded xliii

B. New Orleans, 1885. xliii
Description of the exhibit. xliv
Exhibit of hatching operations on fish-car xliv
Exhibit of steamer Albatross xlv

10. MEETING OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY xlv
Papers read and their authors xlv
Excursion on the Fish Hawk Xlvii
Officers elected Xlvii

11. PUBLICATIONS OF THE FISH COMMISSION IN 1885 xlviii
Annual reports xlviii
The annual bulletin xlviii
Miscellaneous Pamphlets xlviii
Carp Publications xlix
Editing of publications in charge of C. W. Smiley, xlix

12. THE WOOD'S HOLL STATION
Its importance and facilities xlix
Erection of buildings. xliX
Work in the laboratory l
Collections brought in by the Albatross
Clams brought from Puget Sound l
Propagation of codfish li
Experiments with oysters

13. VISITS OF FOREIGN SPECIALISTS li
Mr. J. K. Uchimura, from Japan li
Mr. Walter Heape, from England li
Mr. W. T. Silk, from England li
Dr. Filip Trybom, from Sweden li

14. ICELANDIC HALIBUT FISHERY li
Cruises of six Gloucester Vessels li

15. SMOKED KINGFISH lii
Abundance and Cost of kingfish liii
Experiments in curing liii
Their edible qualities. liii

16. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FISH liii
Investigation conducted by Professor Atwater liii
Monograph of results in preparation liv
Statement of some conclusions already reached liv

17. TURBOT AND SOLES lv
Previous attempts to acclimate them lv
Preparations for propagating them at Wood's Holl lv
Failure of certain attempts at shipment lvi
Nine soles received alive by Mr. Blackford lvi

18. SPONGES FOR AUSTRALIA lvi
Living sponges asked for, but could not be sent lvi

B. INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF FOOD-FISHES lvii
Publication of Section I in two volumes lvii
Tables of contents of Sections II to V lvii

20. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FISHERIES of THE GREAT LAKES
Danger of whitefish fisheries becoming exhausted lx
Investigation of results in Lake Erie by Mr. Clark lx
Investigation of Great Lakes, under direction of Mr. Earll lxi
Plan of operations in investigation. lxi

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21. USE OF COD GILL-NETS. lxii
Success of their introduction lxii
Description of note and their use lxii
Proposed experiment with these nets in the banks fisheries lxiii

22. MACKEREL FISHERIES OF 1885 lxiii
Summary of year's fishing, furnished by Mr. Wilcox lxiii
Statistics of catch for 1885, furnished by Mr. Wilcox lxiv

23. INVESTIGATION OF THE RED-SNAPPER FISHERIES lxv
Two trips made by the steamer Albatross lxv
Fishing-grounds for the red snapper lxvi
Details of the fishery lxvi

24. THE BLACK COD OF THE PACIFIC lxvii
Comments upon this fishery lxvii
Methods of preparing for market lxviii
Edible qualities lxviii

25. FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST lxix
Exploring trip in Alaska lxix
Gathering statistics in Northern California lxx
Investigating the gray whale fishery lxx

26. TREATY RELATIONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN lxx
Arrangement for collecting information concerning the fisheries lxxi

C. THE INCREASE OF FOOD-FISHES.

27. BY PROTECTIVE MEASURES lxxii
Report of Colonel McDonald on the pollution of Potomac water lxxii
Other investigations lxxii

28. BY THE USE OF FISHWAYS lxxiii
Fishway over the Great Falls lxxiii

29. SOME OPINIONS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION lxxiv
Views of Sir Lyon Playfair lxxiv
Views of Mr. A. Booth lxxv
Views of Prof. J. Cossar Ewart lxxvi
Action of the Chilies Government lxxvi

30. BY THE DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND EGGS lxxvi
Total distribution to public waters, 1872-'82 ixxvi

31. SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1885. lxxvii

General list of species covered by the operations of the Commission lxxvii

a. The Codfish (Gadus morrhua).
The Wood's Holt Station lxxviii

b. The White Perch (Roccus americanus)
The Battery Station lxxviii

c. The Whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis).
The Northville Station lxxviii
The Alpena Station lxxix
The Cold Spring Harbor Station lxxx

d. The Moranke (Coregonus albula).
The Bucksport Station lxxx
Description of the moranke lxxx

e. The Grayling (Thymallus tricolor)
Remarks on the species lxxxi
The Wytheville Station lxxxii

f. The Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).
The Northville Station lxxxiii
The Cold Spring Harbor Station lxxxiii

g. The Lake Trout (Salvelinus namayoush).
The Bucksport Station lxxxiii
The Northville Station lxxxiv

h. The California, Rainbow, or Mountain Trout (Salmo irideus).
The McCloud River Station lxxxiv
The Northville Station lxxxv
The Cold Spring Harbor Station lxxxv
The Wytheville Station lxxxv

i. The Atlantic or Penobscot Salmon (Salmo salar).
The Bucksport Station lxxxv
The Cold Spring Harbor Station lxxxvi

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31. SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1885. Continued

j. The Schoodic or Landlocked Salmon (Salmo salar subspecies sebago)
The Grand Lake Stream Station lxxxvi
The Northville Station lxxxvii
The Cold Spring Harbor Station lxxxviii

k. The Brown or European Trout (Salmo fario). lxxxviii
The Wytheville Station lxxxviii
The Cold Spring Harbor Station lxxxviii

l. The Loch Leven Trout (Salmo levenensis)
The Northville Station lxxxviii
The Bucksport Station lxxxviii

m. The Quinnat or California Salmon (Oncorhynchus chouicha)
The McCloud River Station lxxxviii

n. The Shad (Clupea sapidissima).
The Fort Washington Station lxxxix
The Central Station lxxxix
The Battery Station xci
Assistance rendered by the Fish Hawk vcii
Assistance rendered by the Lookout xcii
Experiments in planting shad in Colorado River and Willamette River xcii
The Gloucester City Station xciii
The Lambertville Station xciv
Experiments in raising shad in ponds xciv

o. The River Herring (Clupea aestivalis)
The Battery Station xcv
The Central Station xcv

The Smelt (Osmerus mordax)

q. The Tomcod (Microgadus tomcodus) xcvi

r. The Carp (Cyprinus carpio).
The Washington Station xcvi
Table of distribution xcvii
The Northville Station xcviii

s. The Goldfish (Carassius auratus).
The Washington Station xcviii

t. The Golden Ide or Orf (Leuciscus idus)
The Washington Station xcviii

u. The Tench (Tinca vulgaris)
The Washington Station xcix

v. The Catfish (Amiurus nebulosus)
Sent to Europe xcix

w. The Little Round Clam (Tapes staminea)
The Wood's Holl Station

x. The Oyster (Ostrea virginica)
The Saint Jerome Station c
The Cold Spring Harbor Station ci
Investigation in New York waters ci

y. The American Lobster (Homarus americanus)
Need of propagating it cii
The Woods Holl Station ciii
Summary of distribution in 1885 civ

D. ABSTRACT OF THE ARTICLES IN THE APPENDIX

32. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICLES cv
A. Reports of steamers and stations cv
B. The fisheries cvi
C. 0yster culture cvi
D. Scientific investigation cvi
E. Miscellaneous cvii

E. SUPPLEMENT TO THE REPORT PROPER.

33 LIST OF LIGHTHOUSE KEEPERS FURNISHING OCEAN TEMPERATURES cvii

34. LIST OF RAILROADS FURNISHING TRANSPORTATION AT REDUCED RATES

35. SUMMARY OF FISH DISTRIBUTED TO PUBLIC WATERS FROM 1872 TO 1882, INCLUSIVE

36. CIRCULAR TO PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE COD, HALIBUT, AND OTHER GROUND FISHERIES

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