COVER

United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries

Report of the Commissioner for 1877

A. Inquiry into the decrease of the food fishes.
B. The propagation of food-fishes in the waters of the United States.
With supplementary papers.

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1879

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CONTENTS.

I. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER PDF
Report Table of Contents HTML *** PDF

II. APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A. THE SEA-FISHERIES.

I. A HISTORY OF THE MENHADEN by G. Brown Goode, curator of United States National Museum, with an account of the agricultural uses of fishes, by Prof. W. O. Atwater, professor of chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.

Section A. Introduction 1
Section B. The names of the menhaden 6
Section C. A description of the American species of Brevoortia, with anatomical and physiological notes 19
Section D. Geographical distribution, and the movements of the schools 35
Section E. Abundance of the menhaden comparative and absolute 78
Section F. Food of the menhaden 93
Section G. Reproduction of the menhaden 95
Section H. The enemies and fatalities of the menhaden 101
Section I. The menhaden fisheries 113
Supersection. Economical value and applications of the menhaden 135
Section K. The menhaden as a source of food 135
Section L. The menhaden as a bait-fish 141
Section M. The manufacture of oil and guano 161
Section N. Menhaden and other fish, and their products, as related to agriculture. By W. O. Atwater. (See also Appendix 0) 194

Appendix A. Circular relating to statistics of the menhaden fishery 268
Appendix B. List of correspondents from whom contributions have been received. 271
Appendix C. Bibliography of literature relating to the menhaden. 274
Appendix D. Extracts from writings of ichthyologists relating to the menhaden 279
Appendix E. Catalogue of specimens in the United States National Museum illustrating the history of the menhaden 289
Appendix F. Tables of ocean temperature for certain points on the east coast of the United States 291
Appendix G. Table showing comparative amounts of menhaden, mackerel, shad, and alewives inspected in the State of Massachusetts, 1804 to 1877 295
Appendix H. List of manufacturers of menhaden oil, mud, guano. Compiled by Mr. Jasper Pryer 290
Appendix I. Partial list of vessels employed in the menhaden fishery 297
Appendix K. Prices-current of menhaden oil and review of the markets (from the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter) 390
Appendix L. Proceedings of the United States Menhaden Oil and Guano Association. 358
Appendix M. Annual reports of menhaden oil and guano manufacturers in the State of Maine 368
Appendix N. Statements of correspondents 373
Appendix 0. Miscellaneous items regarding the use of fish for manure 483
Appendix P. Exports of menhaden oil from the port of New York from January, 1875, to July, 1878 503
Appendix Q. Supplementary works, September 22, 1878 506

(For list of illustrations, occupying 31 plates, see page 15.)

II. Karl Dambeck. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GADIDAE, OF THE COD FAMILY IN ITS RELATION TO FISHERIES AND COMMERCE By Karl Dambeck. Translated from the German. 531

A. Characteristics of the Gadidae. 531
B. General distribution 534
C. The Arctic region of the Gadidae 536
D. The Atlantic region of the Gadidae 543
E. The Pacific region of the Gadidae 545
F. Distribution and fishing of the different species 547
G. Fisheries and trade 555

III. Anonymous. AN ACCOUNT OF THE LOFFODEN ISLANDS OF NORWAY. Translated by H. Jacobson from the German 559-564

IV. G. O. Sars REPORT OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE COD FISHERIES NEAR THE LOFFODEN ISLANDS, MADE DURING THE YEARS 1864-'69. By G. O. Sars. Translated by H. Jacobson from the Norwegian 505
A. Report for 1804 665
B. Report for 1805 581
C. Report for 1806 and 1807 587
I. Report for 1868 and 1809 590

V. G.O. Sars REPORT OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS ON THE COD FISHERIES NEAR THE LOFFODEN ISLANDS, MADE DURING THE YEARS 1870-'73. By G. 0. Sars.
Translated from the Norwegian by A. Jacobson. 612
A. Report for 1870 612
B. Report for 1871 630
C. Deport for 1872. 635
D. Report for 1873. 643-662

VI. G. O. Sars. REPORT MADE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OF INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SALT-WATER FISHERIES OF NORWAY DURING THE YEARS 1874-'77. By Prof. G. O. Sars. Translated from the Norwegian by H. Jacobson. 603

I. Report for 1874. 663

II. Report for 1875. 667
A. The mackerel fisheries of our Southern and Western coasts. 667
B. The lobster and the lobster fisheries on our Southern and Western coasts. 674
C. On drag-net fishing on the coast from Nevlunghaven to Tonsbergfiord. 680

III. Extracts from Prof. G. O. Sars' report on the Norwegian Atlantic expedition of 1876. 681
A. Zoological observations. 681
B. Investigation of the salt-water fisheries. 687
N. Preliminary on the zoological observations made during the second Norwegian polar expedition of 1877. 692
Y. Report on the practical and scientific investigation of the salt-water fisheries, made during the second Norwegian polar expedition of 1877. 698-706

VII. M. Friele. AN ACCOUNT OF THE FISHERIES OF NORWAY IN 1877. By M. Friele. Translated from the French by J. Paul Wilson 707

A. Introduction 707
B. The cod fishery 707

I. Apparatus used in the cod fishery 710
2. The daily fishing 713
3. Quality Of the cod 715
4. Preparation of the cod 716
5. Preparation of the oil 717
6. Roe 718
7. Other species of the genus Gadus 718
8. The cod-fish trade 722

C. The herring fishery 723
1. The spring herring 723
2. The great herring in Nordland 728
3. The summer herring 729

D. The brisling fishery 730

E. The mackerel fishery 731
1. Apparatus and methods in use 731
2. Preparation of the mackerel, and the trade 733

F The lobster fishery 733
G. The whale fishery 735
H. The seal fishery 735
I. The salmon fishery. 736
J. Miscellaneous fisheries 730

Value of the principal products of the Norway fisheries. 737
1. Value at places of export. 737
2. Value at the fisheries. 738
3. Statistics of the winter and spring fisheries. 738
4. Statistics of the summer fishery. 730
5. Products of other fisheries. 739, 740

VIII. G. Von Yhlen. REPORT ON THE SEA FISHERIES OF THE LAN OF GOTEBORG AND BOHUS IN THE YEAR 1877.
By Gerhard Von Yhlen. Translated from the Swedish by Dr Josua Lindahl 741
A. The great fishery 741
B. The mackerel fishery 742
C. The winter fishery 743
D. The herring and sprat fisheries 743
R. The lobster and oyster fisheries 749,750

IX. Senator Dantziger. THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF THE EMDEN JOINT STOCK HERRING FISHERY ASSOCIATION
By Senator Dantziger, of Emden. Translated from the German by H. Jacobsen I 751-770

APPENDIX B. THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES.

X. Anonymous. THE BEST FOOD FOR YOUNG SALMONIDS AND FOR LARGE SALMONIDS IN PONDS. Translated from German by H. Jacobson. 779-782

XI. Livingston Stone. REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE SALMON-HATCHING STATION ON THE CLACKAMAS RIVER OREGON, In 1977. By Livingston Stone. 783-796.

XII Livingston Stone. REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE UNITED STATES SALM0N HATCHING STATION ON THE McCLOUD RIVER CALIFORNIA,IN 1877. By Livingston Stone. 707-810

XIII. Fred Mather. ACCOUNT OF TRIP TO EUROPE WITH EGGS OF THE QUINNAT SALMON. By Fred Mather. 811-816

XIV. Charles G. Atkins. REPORT ON THE COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SCHOODIC SALMON EGGS IN I877-'78. (With one plate.) By Charles G. Atkins 817

1. Preparations 817
2. The fishing 818
3. Taking spawn 820
4. Incubation 822
5. Distribution of eggs 822

Table I. Record of fishing at Grand Lake Stream, Maine, October and November 1877 823
Table II. Record of spawning operations, Grand Lake Stream, 1877 827
Table III. Record of surplus of salmon spawn from Grand Lake Stream, January and February, 1878. 830
Table IV. Statement of the distribution of young Schoodic salmon, 1878. 832
Table V. Observations on the temperature and weather at Grand Lake Stream, 1875-78 836
Table VI. General summary of observations on temperature of Grand Lake Stream from October, 1875, to March, 1878, Inclusive. 841
Table VII. Measurements of Schoodic salmon at Grand Lake Stream, 1875. 842
Table VIII. Measurements of Schoodic salmon at Grand Lake Stream, 1876. 843
Table IX. Measurements of Schoodic Salmon at Grand Lake Stream, 1877. F44
Table X. Record of Spawning operations at Grand Lake Stream, 1875. 845
Table XI. Record of spawning operations at Grand Lake Stream, 1876. 846

Illustrations
* Plan of the inclosures used at the Schoodic Salmon breeding establishment, Grand Lake Stream, 1877. Plate facing page 846. (Explanation on the back.)

XV. James W. Milner. THE PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SHAD IN 1877. By Jas.W. Milner 847
A. Station on the Susquehanna River near Havre de Grace, Md., 847
B. Station on the Connecticut River at South Hadley Falls, Massachusetts 849
C. Tables of shad propagation in 1877. 850

XVI. R. Eckhardt. THE EXPERIMENTS IN PROPAGATING THE MAIFISCH (Alosa Vulgaris), IN 1870 and 1877. By R. Eckhardt 853-863

XVII. Fred Mather. THE EXPERIMENT OF TRANSPORTING TURBOT AND SOLE FROM ENGLAND To AMERICA. By Fred Mather 867-874

XVIII. Karl Moebius. HOW CAN THE CULTIVATION OF THE OYSTER, ESPECIALLY ON THE GERMAN COAST, BE MADE PERMANENTLY PROFITABLE.
By Karl Moebius, translated from the German by H. Jacobson 875-884

APPENDIX C. MISCELLANEOUS.

XIX. L. A. Beardslee. EXPERIMENT UPON THE TIME OF EXPOSURE REQUIRED Folk ACCURATE OBSERVATIONS WITH THE CASELLA-MILLER DEEP-SEA THERMOMETER.
By Commander L. A. Beardslee, United States Navy 887, 900, 901

XX. John Gamgee. ON ARTIFICIAL REFRIGERATION. By John Gamgee, London, England. 901

A. Introduction 901
B. Importance of fish-culture in Great Britain 903
C. Origin of knowledge of artificial cooling 903
D. Definition of an ice-machine 906
E. Types of ice-machines 907
F. Thermodynamic laws 907
G. On cryogens or cold-generating salts 908
H. Special examples of cryohydrates 910
I Table of freezing-mixtures (Guthrie) 912
J. Organic crystalloids in water 913
K. Cryogen machines 914
L. Chloride of calcium ice-machine 915
M. Gases and their liquefaction 917
N. On ammonia 922
O. The progressive stages in ice-making inventions 925
P. Air-machines 940
Q. Gas ice-machines of new type 943
R. Engines and pumps 944
*R. Refrigerators and condensers. 948
S. Thermo-glacial engine 950
T. Dry cold air as a preservative 951
U. Does ice dry air? 959
V. Proposed improvement in freezing fish 959
W. Preservation of bait and fish 960
X. Preservation of salmon, cod, halibut, &c 964
Y. Dry cold without ice 967
Z. The glaciarium 968
Z.Z. On rendering sea-water potable 969

Conclusion 972

Illustrations in this article.
Ice-making machine, Parkins' specification, plate to face page. 926
Carrie's apparatus, figure. 933
Tellier's British patent, plate to face page 936
Sudlow's engine, Figure 1 946
Sudlow's engine, Figure 2 947
Sudlow's engine, Figure 3 948
Gamgee's condenser and refrigerator, plate to face page 949

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