United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries
Report of the Commissioner for 1880

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A.GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

1.INTRODUCTORY REMARKS XI
Scope of present report

Duties assigned by Congress to the Commission xvii
Constant increase in the importance of its work xvii

Noteworthy features of the year....... xvii
(1) Carp production and distribution xvii
(2) Shad production and distribution xvii
(3) Construction of Fish Hawk xvii
(4) Introduction of the gill-net in the cod fisheries xvii
(5) Obtaining fishery statistics for the Tenth Census xvii
(6) Participation in the Berlin Fishery Exhibition xvii
(7) The trips of the Fish Hawk to the Gulf Stream xviii
(8) The exploration of the Great Lakes and of the coasts zvW
(9) The collection of fishes for educational series avid

Death of Mr. James W. Milner xviii

2. PRINCIPAL STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION xviii

For research xviii
At Newport, R.I. xviii
On the Great Lakes and Gulf of Mexico xviii

For propagation of food-fishes. xviii
McCloud River for California salmon xviii
McCloud River for California trout xviii
Northville, Mich., for white-fish xix
Bucksport, Me., for Penobscot or Atlantic salmon. xix
Grand Lake Stream, Me., for land-locked salmon xix
Druid Hill Park for Salmonidae and carp xix
Washington Monument Lot for carp xix
Washington Arsenal for carp 3d%
Washington Navy-Yard for shad xix
Havre de Grace, Md., for shad xix

3. ASSISTANCE RENDERED TO THE COMMISSION xix
By the Executive Departments, in accordance with requirement of law xix
By the Secretary of the Navy, two steam launches, flags, etc xix
By the Signal Officer of the War Dept, of thermometers temperature observations, etc xix
By General McDowell, a detail of soldiers xix
By the supervising surgeon of the Treasury Department, a detail of Dr. Guiteras xix.
By the railroads, facilities for carrying fish in baggage-cars xx
By the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, free transfer of goods for the Berlin Exhibition. xx
By the Pennsylvania Railroad, free transfer of goods for the Berlin Exhibition xx
By the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, free transfer of goods for the Berlin Exhibition xx
By the Boston and Maine Railroad, free transportation of shad xx
By the North German Lloyds steamers, free transportation of the Berlin exhibit xx
By the French Transatlantic Steamship Company, transportation of fish eggs xx
By the Engineer Department of the District Commission, laying out the carp ponds xx

4. COURTESIES RENDERED BY THE COMMISSION TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES xx
Applications for fish from other nations xx
Relationships with Germany xx
California salmon sent to Deutsche Fischerei-Verein xx
White-fish eggs sent to Deutsche Fischerei-Verein xxi
Salmon eggs to France xxi
Salmon eggs to England xxi
Salmon eggs to the Netherlands xxi
Correspondence with Dr. Fenner, of Guatemala xxi
Applications from Ecuador and Guadeloupe xxi
Salmon eggs to Canada xxi
Care taken by the steamship companies. xxi

B. BERLIN FISHERY EXHIBITION.

5. ITS ORIGIN AND SCOPE xxi
Proposed by the Deutsche Fischerei-Verein xxi
Its intended scope xxi

6. PARTICIPATION BY THE UNITED STATES xxii
Appropriation by Congress in February xxii
Briefness of the time for preparation xxii
The Fish Commission represented by Mr. G. Brown Goode xxii
First steps for collecting the material xxii
Material from the Philadelphia Exhibition utilised xxii
Completion and shipment of the exhibit xxii
Unexampled liberality of the railroad and steamboat companies xxiii
Departure of Mr. Goode and his assistants xxiii
Attention attracted by the American exhibit xxiii
Prolongation of the exhibition until July 1st xxiii
Return of Mr. Goode and assistants xxiv
The great prize and numerous medals awarded the United States xxiv
Why more medal were not awarded to the United States xxiv
Return of the exhibit free of freight charges xxiv
Exchanges in the interest of the National Museum xxiv
Preparation of a report on the exhibition xxiv

C. INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF FOOD FISHERIES

7. FIELD OPERATIONS AT NEWPORT, R. I xxiv
Buildings and wharfage facilities xxiv
Arrival and organization of the force xxv
Investigations for the fishery census xxv
Dredging trips of the Fish Hawk xxv
In the vicinity of Block Island xxv
To the Gulf Stream xxv
Richness of the Gulf Stream fauna XXV
Observations at the Tile-fish Grounds xxv
Trip of a Noank schooner to the Tilefish Grounds xxv
Departure of the Fish Hawk for New Haven and Washington xxvi
Return of the Commissioner to Washington. xxvi

8. THE STEAMER FISH HAWK xxvi
Her construction and outfit xxvi,
Successful trial trip and arrival at Newport xxvi
Trips to the Gulf Stream, and subsequent movements xxvi
Desirability of lengthening her xxvi
Her utility in investigation xxvi

9. FISHERY CENSUS OF 1880 xxvii
Continuance of the work begun in 1879 xxvii
Progress of the field work in the spring and summer xxvii
Arrangements for writing up the final report xxvii
Retirement of Mr. Kumlein from the work xxvii
Compilation of circulars by Mr. C. W. Smiley xxvii
Progress of the work when the year closed xxvii

D. THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES

10. WORK ACCOMPLISHED IN 1880. xxvii

White-fish (Coregonus albus).
Northville station xxvii
Purchase of white fish eggs heretofore xxvii
The Northville station secured by the Fish Commission xxviii,
Excellence and temperature of its water xxviii
Arrangements for taking white-fish eggs xxviii
Endeavors to secure lake-trout eggs xxviii
Taking of whitefish eggs xxviii
Total number of eggs and yield of fish xxviii
Experiments in accelerating and retarding the hatching xxvill
Disposition of the embryonized eggs xxviii
Acknowledgments to railroads xxviii
Investigation of the food of white-fish xxix

The Quinnat, or California Salmon (Salmo quinnat).
McCloud River station xxix
Eggs taken only to meet the demand. xxix
Abundance of fish in Sacramento River due to stocking the McCloud River xxix
Mr. Stone's trip to the East and return to the station xxix
Industry and fidelity of the Indians xxix
Completion of the roadway xxix
Taking of the salmon eggs xxix
Construction of a telephone xxix
Packing and shipping of eggs to the East xxix
Points of distribution xxx
Reference to Mr. Stone's report xzx

The Rainbow or California Mountain Trout (Salmo irideus). xxx
The Crook's Creek station xxx
Establishment of the station xxx
Collection and disposition of the eggs xxx
Improvements in the station xxx
The penning of trout to await the spawning season xxx
Food of the trout xxx
Age of spawning xxx

The Atlantic or Penobscot Salmon (Salmo salar) xxxi
The Penobscot River station xxxi
Resumption of work after an intermission xxxi
Purchase and penning of fish until the spawning season xxxi
The limits of the spawning season xxxi
The total number of eggs taken xxxi
The expenses and results shared with three States xxxi
Hopes concerning the results of the season's work xxxi
Personnel of the station xxxi

Schoodic Salmon (Salmo salar subs. Sebago)
Grand Lake Stream station xxxi
Personnel of the station xxxi
Success of the season's work xxxi
Increased demand for the eggs. xxxi

Shad (Alosa sapidissima). xxxi
Summary of results for the year xxxii
Locations of the stations xxxii

Havre de Grace station xxxii
Location and personnel of the station xxxii
Taking of the eggs by floating apparatus xxxii
Removal of the station to another part of the river xxxii
Remunerating the fishermen for the eggs xxxii
Accident, and premature deposit of the eggs xxxii
Movement of fish po value. Maryland, and Pennsylvania xxxii
Disposition of the equipment xxxiii

Washington Navy Yard Station xxxiii
Arrangements for, and organisation of, the station xxxiii
Shad and herring eggs secured xxxiii
Movement of fish to South Carolina, Georgia, and Kentuckyxxxiii

10. WORK ACCOMPLISHED IN 1880. Continued.

Transportation of shad xxxiii
A change from small to large shipments and deposits xxxiii
Requisites for a suitable car for transporting fish xxxiii

Experiments xxxiv
In the use of hydrant water for hatching xxxiv
For determining the smallest amount of water in which shad will live xxxiv

Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Ponds in Washington xxxiv
Increased efficiency of the ponds xxxiv
Draining by means of a rotary steam pump xxxiv
Connection with the telephone system xxxiv
Appropriation for improving the ponds xxxiv
Construction of a reservoir xxxiv
Filling of the reservoir with rain-water xxxiv
Drainage of the grounds xxxiv
Draining the ponds to exclude catfish, sunfish, etc xxxiv
Draining of the Arsenal pond xxxv
Draining of the South pond xxxv
Distribution of carp to State commissioners xxxv

The Saibling (Salmo salvelinus) xxxv
Presented by the Deutche Fischerei verein xxxv
Disposition of those which arrived alive xxxv

The Gourami (0sphromensus olfax)
Desirability of the species
The ability to endure privation of water
Its most prominent characteristics
Its methods of reproduction xxxv
Water to which best adapted xxxv
Its nativity and transfer to other waters xxxvi
Correspondence with the Society of Acclimatization, concerning it xxxvi
Arrangements for receiving a supply from China xxxvi

E. ABSTRACT OF CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX.

11. ANALYSIS xxxvi
A. General considerations xxxvii
B. Deep-sea research xxxvii
C. The sea fisheries xxxvii
D. Economic research xxxvii
E. Natural history xxxvii
F. Propagation of food-Fishes xxxvii
G. Special fish-culture xxxvii
H. The oyster xxxvii
I. Miscellaneous xxxvii

12. TABLES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND EGGS xxix

13. LIST OF RAILROADS GRANTING FACILITIES IN 1880 xlii

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